Metals-Ferrous

Ferrous Metals

 * ====**Iron**====
 * **Pig Iron** - the first step in the purifying of iron and the making of steel. Pig iron is produced when the impurities are burned out of the iron ore in a blast furnace. Created from a mixture of iron ore, coke //(a purified form of oil)//, limestone, and air. The molten iron is poured into molds and the **//slag//** is removed. //(1)//
 * Properties: //very hard; brittle//
 * Uses: //used in making cast iron, wrought iron, and steel.//
 * **Cast Iron**- It is a pig iron that has been remelted and poured into a mold. The iron cools in the shape of a useful machine part or article.There are several different kinds of cast iron, and the properties of the different kinds vary in a large degree. Some common kinds of cast iron are Gray Cast Iron, White Cast Iron, Ductile Cast Iron. (1)
 * Gray Cast Iron:
 * Properties://Fractures easily//
 * Uses://Large pipes, Steam radiators, Water hydrants, Frames and Machines//
 * White Cast Iron:
 * Properties://Hard, Tough, Malleable//
 * Uses://Tough casting for Automobiles, Tractors, Machinery parts//
 * Ductile Cast Iron:
 * Properties://Soft, Tough//
 * Uses://Casting for Automobiles, Farm Machinery//
 * **Wrought Iron**- It is pig iron with most of the carbon removed. It was the most important structural metal befor the development of the Bessemer steelmaking process. It was largely replaced by hot-rolled low-carbon steels. (1)
 * Properties://Tough, Easily formed, Corrosion-resistant//
 * Uses://Fences, Horseshoes, Nails, Chain, Lamps, Door hardware//
 * ====**Steel**====
 * **Low-Carbon Steel** - By weight low-carbon steel contains between .05% and .30% carbon. Low-carbon steel is made in basic-oxygen and open-hearth furnaces. Some low-carbon steel is cold-rolled between highly polished rollers under high pressure. This improves //**tensile strength **// and gives it a very smooth finish and exact size. It is then called cold-rolled steel. (1)
 * Properties: //Very hard; not great strength//
 * Uses: //used for forge work, rivets, chains, machine parts, pipes, nails, automobile bodies, buildings, and bridges.//
 * **Medium-Carbon Steel** -More Carbon and Stronger than low carbon steel. More difficult to bend weld and cut. Between 3 and .6% carbon. Hardened and tempeture sed by heat treatment. (1)
 * Properties: //Hard Stronger than Low Carbon//
 * Uses: //Bolts Shafts Car Axles Rails Tools//
 * **High-Carbon Steel**- Known as Carbon tool Steel Contains between .6 and 1.5% carbon. Hard to Bend Weld and Cut. Very hard and brittle when hardened. Rolled to desired shape and ground for smooth finish. (1)
 * Properties: //Very Hard Brittle//
 * Uses: //Drills Taps Dies Reamers Hammers//
 * **Alloy Steel** - Made by combining steels with one or more other elements. These elements are usually metals and intentionally added to obtain properties that are not found in carbon steels. Alloying steels may increase some of the following properties: hardness, machinability, strength through heat treatment, corrosion resistance, fatigue, or retention of hardness and strength at high temperatures. 3 main types of alloy steels: Constructional alloy steels, allow tool steels, and special alloy steels. Constructional alloy ateels are used for such parts as shafts, gears, levers, bolts, springs, piston pins, ect... Total alloy content ranges from .25% to about 6%. Alloy tool steels are used in making cutting and forming tools such as high-quality drills and plastic molds. They are often oil hardened, or air-hardened steels. They are generally harder and more shock resistant. Special alloy steels are designed for extreme service requirements. They include steels wih very high heat, corrosion, and wear resistance. Used for rock crusher claws, tractor lugs, and power shovel teeth. In the process of making alloy steels, there are some common elements used: chromium ( used for making stainless steel ), cobalt ( used for making hard magnets ), manganese ( makes very hard steel ), molybdenum ( used for making high grade steel used in automobile parts, ball bearings, ect... ), Nickel, tungsten, and vanadium. (1)
 * Properties: //Differs from what you combine with steel; all properties above//
 * Uses: //Buildings, machining parts, bridges, automobile parts, bolts, springs, gears, levers, shafts, plastic molds, and more.//
 * **High-Speed Steel //(a.k.a. Tool Steel)-//** This steel generally contains one or more metals. It's carbon content may range between 0.70% to 1.50%. it is made in a electric furnace. It is used for cutting tools such as drills, reamers, milling cutters. It is called high speed steel because it is used for cutting twice as fast as thoes tools made of plain carbon. (1)
 * Properties: //hard and wear resistant//
 * Uses: //lathe tool bits, countersinks, drills//

__References __

 * 1)   Repp, Victor. "Metalwork:Technology and Practice." Ed. New York: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 1994. Print.